Sorting nexin 5 mediates antigen presentation and immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious agent worldwide, yet the host pathways that regulate antigen presentation and lung inflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are incompletely defined. Sorting nexin 5 (SNX5) is a protein best known for roles in endosomal trafficking, antigen processing, and antiviral host defense, but its contribution to immunity during Mtb infection is unknown. Here, we show that SNX5-deficient mice exhibit markedly increased mortality following low-dose aerosol infection despite unchanged pulmonary bacterial burden compared to wild-type mice. Snx5-/- mice developed exacerbated lung inflammation without major alterations in immune cell recruitment. In macrophages, Snx5 did not affect phagocytosis, vacuolar maturation, intracellular bacterial control, or global transcriptional responses to Mtb, but was required for efficient MHC class II antigen presentation. Snx5 deficiency reduced antigen degradation, limited peptide loading onto MHC-II and impaired activation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells without altering surface MHC-II abundance or expression of costimulatory molecules. Together, these findings identify SNX5 as a previously unrecognized regulator of MHC-II peptide loading that shapes inflammatory outcomes during pulmonary Mtb infection, highlighting a role for the endosomal sorting machinery in immunity to intracellular pathogens.