Spatiotemporally resolved transcriptomics reveals subcellular RNA kinetic landscape

Spatiotemporal regulation of the cellular transcriptome is crucial for proper protein expression and cellular function1. However, the intricate subcellular dynamics of RNA synthesis, decay, export, and translocation remain obscured due to the limitations of existing transcriptomics methods2-8. Here, we report a spatiotemporally resolved RNA mapping method (TEMPOmap) to uncover subcellular RNA profiles across time and space at the single-cell level in heterogeneous cell populations. TEMPOmap integrates pulse-chase metabolic labeling of the transcriptome with highly multiplexed three-dimensional (3D) in situ sequencing to simultaneously profile the age and location of individual RNA molecules. Using TEMPOmap, we constructed the subcellular RNA kinetic landscape of 991 genes in human HeLa cells from upstream transcription to downstream subcellular translocation. Clustering analysis of critical RNA kinetic parameters across single cells revealed kinetic gene clusters whose expression patterns were shaped by multi-step kinetic sculpting. Importantly, these kinetic gene clusters are functionally segregated, suggesting that subcellular RNA kinetics are differentially regulated to serve molecular and cellular functions in cell-cycle dependent manner. Together, these single-cell spatiotemporally resolved transcriptomics measurements provide us the gateway to uncover new gene regulation principles and understand how kinetic strategies enable precise RNA expression in time and space.