HTRF-based identification of small molecules targeting SARS-CoV-2 E protein interaction with ZO-1 PDZ2

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 E protein through its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (PBM) interacts with several host PDZ-containing proteins, including the ZO-1 protein via its PDZ2 domain, thereby contributing to viral pathogenesis. Targeting this interaction represents a potential therapeutic strategy. In this study, we determined the X-ray structure of the E PBM peptide in complex with the ZO-1 PDZ2 domain at 1.7 [A] resolution. The structure revealed a domain-swapped dimer conformation of ZO-1 PDZ2, with the E PBM peptide conventionally bound within the PDZ domains canonical binding groove exhibiting key interactions characteristic of type II PBM-PDZ interactions. To identify potential inhibitors of the E PBM/ZO-1 PDZ2 interaction, we performed a HTRF screening using a protein-protein interaction-focused library of 1,000 compounds. This led to the identification of 36 hits that disrupted this interaction. Subsequent cytotoxicity and dose- response assays narrowed the selection to 14 promising compounds. Docking simulations showed that some compounds bind within or near the PBM-binding pocket, supporting a competitive mechanism of interaction inhibition, while others bind at a central interface between the two PDZ monomers, suggesting an inhibition of dimerization, which in turn prevents PBM binding. Thus, the ZO-1 PDZ2-E PBM interaction can be inhibited through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Finally, antiviral assays using a NanoLuciferase-expressing recombinant SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated that one compound, C19, significantly reduced viral replication, highlighting its potential as a candidate for further therapeutic development. HighlightsO_LICrystal structure reveals the binding determinant of E protein PBM to ZO-1 PDZ2 dimer C_LIO_LIHTRF screening identified 36 inhibitors of the E-ZO-1 protein interaction C_LIO_LIDocking revealed dual mechanisms: PBM groove binding and dimer interface disruption C_LIO_LICompound C19 reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication in a NanoLuc reporter assay C_LIO_LITargeting E-ZO-1 interaction may prevent barrier loss and systemic COVID-19 effects C_LI Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=186 SRC="FIGDIR/small/665136v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (38K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f900bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@9f470aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f0ec19org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11c9115_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG