Monocyte to macrophage differentiation and changes in cellular redox homeostasis promote cell type-specific HIV latency reactivation

Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) latency regulation in monocytes and macrophages can vary according to signals directing differentiation, polarization, and function. To investigate these processes, we generated an HIV latency model in THP-1 monocytes and showed differential levels of HIV reactivation among clonal populations. Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation of HIV-infected primary human CD14+ and THP-1 cells induced HIV reactivation and showed that virus production increased concomitant with macrophage differentiation. We applied the HIV-infected THP-1 monocyte-to- macrophage (MLat) model to assess the biological mechanisms regulating HIV latency dynamics during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. We pinpointed PKC signaling pathway activation and Cyclin T1 upregulation as inherent differentiation mechanisms that regulate HIV latency reactivation. Macrophage polarization regulated latency, revealing pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages suppressed HIV reactivation while M2 macrophages promoted HIV reactivation. Because macrophages rely on reactive- oxygen species (ROS) to exert numerous cellular functions, we disrupted redox pathways and discovered that inhibitors of the thioredoxin (Trx) system acted as latency promoting agents (LPAs) in T-cells and monocytes, but opposingly acted as latency reversing agents (LRAs) in macrophages. We explored this mechanism with Auranofin, a clinical candidate for reducing HIV reservoirs, and demonstrated Trx reductase (TrxR) inhibition led to ROS induced NF-{kappa}B activity, which promoted HIV reactivation in macrophages, but not in T-cells and monocytes. Collectively, cell type-specific differences in HIV latency regulation could pose a barrier to HIV eradication strategies.