Derlin-mediated ERAD of lipid regulator ORMDL3 safeguards mitochondrial function

Abstract

Mammalian Derlin proteins (Derlin-1, Derlin-2, and Derlin-3) are conserved components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery that mediate the retrotranslocation and proteasomal degradation of misfolded ER-resident proteins. However, their paralog-specific contributions to cellular homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Derlin deficiency disrupts mitochondrial architecture and results in mitochondrial fragmentation and tightening of ER-mitochondria contact sites (MERCs) in HEK293 cells. Mechanistically, we identify ORMDL proteins, evolutionarily conserved negative regulators of sphingolipid biosynthesis, as substrates of Derlin-2- and Derlin-3-dependent ERAD. Derlin deficiency leads to selective accumulation of ORMDL3 and its dose-dependent enrichment at MERCs, where it drives mitochondrial dysfunction in respiration and calcium handling. Reducing ORMDL3 levels restores mitochondrial function, establishing ORMDL3 as a key effector downstream of Derlin loss. Our work establishes ERAD as a critical mechanism of protein quantity control that safeguards organelle homeostasis by preventing aberrant accumulation and mislocalization of ER clients at inter-organelle contact sites. Given that ORMDL family members are central regulators of sphingolipid metabolism and are genetically linked to inflammation, cancer, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, these findings connect ERAD-dependent spatial control to sphingolipid homeostasis and a broad spectrum of human pathologies.