An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate effectively blocks the egress of the malaria parasite by inhibiting the synthesis of cyclic GMP.

Abstract

The urgent need for new antimalarial therapies arises from the alarming spread of malaria parasite resistance to existing drugs. A promising candidate, UA2239, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with a guanine as nucleobase, demonstrates rapid and irreversible cytotoxic effects on Plasmodium parasites, both in vitro and in an animal model. It blocks the active exit process, named egress, of merozoites and gametes from infected erythrocytes. UA2239 disrupts the essential cGMP-dependent egress pathway by decreasing cGMP levels in the parasite, making guanylate cyclase (PfGC) the most likely target. We also uncovered the remarkable molecular mechanism of resistance developed by parasites after prolonged exposure to the drug, which involves mutating not the target itself, but a downstream effector. The unique mechanism action of UA2239 makes it a valuable first-in-class candidate for further development and its ability to inhibit both parasite growth and transmission highlights its therapeutic potential as a dual-stage antimalarial agent.