ERK signaling licenses SKN-1A/NRF1 for proteasome production and proteasomal stress resistance

Abstract

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is vital for cell growth and homeostasis, but for most cancers proteasomal inhibition has not been effective as a therapy. Normal and cancer cells adapt to proteasomal stress through an evolutionarily conserved recovery response, in which the transcription factor NRF1 upregulates proteasome subunit genes. Starting with a C. elegans screen to identify regulators of the recovery response, here we show that this response depends upon phosphorylation of NRF1 on a single residue by the growth factor-activated kinase ERK1/2. Inhibition of this phosphorylation impairs NRF1 nuclear localization and proteasome gene activation, sensitizes C. elegans and cancer cells to proteasomal stress, and synergizes with proteasome inhibition to retard human melanoma growth in vivo in a mouse model. The evolutionarily conserved ERK1/2-NRF1 axis couples proteasome production to growth signaling, and represents a promising new strategy for expanding the range and efficacy of proteasomal inhibition therapy in cancer.